Researchers from the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) are developing a new method for measuring coastal wave ‘overtopping’ that will enable engineers to better plan future coastal defences, ultimately protecting coastal communities from hazards caused by extreme weather.
Many countries with a sea border require man-made defences to protect them from coastal hazards such as flooding. In the UK, over 3,000 kilometres of coastline are defended, particularly in seaside towns and cities like Crosby in the North West of England, where the 900-metre long sea wall is nearing the end of its useful life.
Sea walls are designed to protect people, property and infrastructure from large waves that can occur when a severe storm happens at the same time as a high tide. When planning sea defences, a lot of data needs to be gathered in order to understand the potential hazards that might arise in the years to come. However, the field experiments currently used to gather this data can be expensive, as well as being limited in the amount of information they can provide.
The innovative NERC-funded research project is using a low-cost instrument previously used to measure waves in the open ocean – capacitance wires – and convert it into a system, known as WireWall, that can more accurately assess coastal overtopping hazards, and so help to optimise future sea wall design.
Existing overtopping prediction methods, such as EurOtop, are used to test suitable sea wall designs. These tools assess the average ‘overtopping hazard’ for each design by estimating the total volume of water that may come over the wall during storm conditions. The accuracy of these methods is assessed by checking outputs against measurements of overtopping during storms. Field experiments have previously used large tanks placed behind the sea wall to catch the water that comes over it. Not only can such experiments be costly and difficult to do, but crucially they are unable to provide information on the speed of the water coming over the defences, which is an important factor for public safety.
This lack of measurements means that there is currently uncertainty in the prediction of these hazards, and this can result in sea defences being overdesigned to accommodate large safety margins, which can mean they cost much more than they need to.
The project’s Principal Investigator, the NOC’s Dr Jennifer Brown, explained: “The WireWall system works by employing a three-dimensional grid of capacitance wires that sense contact with saltwater. This signal will be used to measure the volume and speed of overtopping at vulnerable locations along the length of the sea wall at Crosby.
“We hope that the initial use of WireWall at Crosby will lead to the development of an overtopping monitoring system that could ultimately be integrated into new coastal schemes, as part of the UK’s regional coastal monitoring programmes. A national dataset obtained by WireWall could provide an evidence base to assess the effectiveness of shoreline management policies and schemes used in support of flood hazard management. This would enable long-term cost savings in the implementation of further new defence schemes around the country.”
Dr Tim Pullen, Principal Engineer in Coastal Structures at HR Wallingford, and lead author of the EurOtop guidance manual, said: “We are using one of the flumes in our physical modelling laboratories to test different wire configurations in a prototype frame. To assure the accuracy of the measurements, known wave and storm conditions for the site at Corby are being re-created at a scale of 1:15 in the flume so that the system can be calibrated before it is deployed in the field.”
Partners involved in the WireWall project are the National Oceanography Centre, Channel Coastal Observatory, HR Wallingford, Sefton Council, The Environment Agency, Balfour Beatty and Marlan Maritime Technologies.